Does Physical Fitness Relate to Academic Achievement in High School Students?

BACKGROUND: Academic achievement (AA) is an important issue not only during the school period since it is a strong predictor of long-term professional and social success. Physical fitness (PF) components are associated with AA, and previous studies were conducted with relatively small samples, lack of statistical power, and the conclusions are based on simple correlational analyses. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between PF (single and clustered) with AA in a large and representative sample of high school students. METHODS: Cross-sectional design study conducted with 911 students, aged 13-15 years (38.52% boys) enrolled in the first year of high school. Cardiorespiratory fitness (20-m shuttle run test), muscular strength (dynamometer), and body composition (skinfolds) were measured. PF components were clustered (Z-cardiorespiratory fitness + Z-muscular strength - Z-body fatness). AA was analyzed through standard math tests. Hierarchical linear regression analysis was applied to verify the independent contribution of each single component and PF's cluster on AA. Age, screen time, maternal education, race, and type of residence were used as covariates. RESULTS: Among boys, cardiorespiratory fitness was negatively associated with AA (ß = -0.137; P = .041), while strength was positively associated with AA (ß = 0.188; P = .004). There was no association between clustered PF indicators and AA (ß = 0.064; P = .297). There was a negative association between age and AA in girls (ß = -0.151; P = .003) and in boys (ß = -0.128; P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: These results support current literature, indicating an association between PF's component, namely muscular strength and AA (mathematics) in adolescents, even when controlled for several covariates.

The effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on physical activity of people with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association of changes on physical activity levels during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak of individuals with normal weight and overweight/obesity, and the influence of sex in this relationship. METHODS: This cross-sectional study (survey research) was conducted in Brazil between May 5 and May 17, 2020. Participants (n=1,828 / 1,062 women >18 years) were invited through social media to answer a structured questionnaire via Google Forms. The online assessment included self-reported responses to questions on physical activity, overall health, weight, and height. Binary logistic regression analyzed the relationship between overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25kg/m2), the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity level, and the influence of sex. RESULTS: Compared to normal weight people, those with overweight/obesity practice less moderate to vigorous physical activity (p<0.001). There were associations between women and men with overweight/obesity and the impact of COVID-19 on the physical activity practice compared to normal weight people, adjusted by age, education level, social isolation, and previous physical activity level (p<0.017). CONCLUSION: The study found an association of weight and changes in physical activity levels. Individuals with overweight/obesity were more likely to have a lower physical activity level during COVID-19 pandemic, regardless of sex.

Associations between Anthropometrics, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Metabolic Syndrome Components in Brazilian Adolescents with Obesity.

Purpose: To describe the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Brazilian adolescents with obesity, and to compare anthropometric and cardiorespiratory fitness measurements in relation to the presence of MS. Methods: Sixty-seven adolescents (13-18 years, 36 girls) with obesity (body mass index z-score ≥2.0) were enrolled. The following were assessed for each participant: anthropometrics, body composition, lipid profile, glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, blood pressure (BP), and cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: The presence of MS was found in 47.76% of the sample. The following abnormal measurements were most frequently reported: waist circumference (WC) (100.0%), BP (85.07%), and triglycerides (TG) (50.75%). Boys with obesity were more likely to meet MS criteria when compared to girls (P = 0.040; odds ratio = 2.80 [1.04-7.56]). Conclusion: The presence of MS in Brazilian adolescents with obesity in this study was 47.76%. Among this sample, the most frequently reported MS variables above the established cutoffs were WC (100%), followed by altered BP (85%) and TG (50%). These data further support previously published studies that low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness may increase the risk of MS among adolescents with obesity.

The effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on physical activity of people with obesity

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the association of changes on physical activity levels during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak of individuals with normal weight and overweight/obesity, and the influence of sex in this relationship. Methods This cross-sectional study (survey research) was conducted in Brazil between May 5 and May 17, 2020. Participants (n=1,828 / 1,062 women >18 years) were invited through social media to answer a structured questionnaire via Google Forms. The online assessment included self-reported responses to questions on physical activity, overall health, weight, and height. Binary logistic regression analyzed the relationship between overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25kg/m2), the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity level, and the influence of sex. Results Compared to normal weight people, those with overweight/obesity practice less moderate to vigorous physical activity (p<0.001). There were associations between women and men with overweight/obesity and the impact of COVID-19 on the physical activity practice compared to normal weight people, adjusted by age, education level, social isolation, and previous physical activity level (p<0.017). Conclusion The study found an association of weight and changes in physical activity levels. Individuals with overweight/obesity were more likely to have a lower physical activity level during COVID-19 pandemic, regardless of sex.

Efficacy of Creatine Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass in Older Females: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sarcopenia refers to the age-related loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, which is associated with a reduced quality of life, particularly in older females. Resistance training (RT) is well established to be an effective intervention to counter indices of sarcopenia. Accumulating research indicates that the addition of creatine supplementation (Cr) to RT augments gains in muscle strength and muscle mass, compared to RT alone. However, some evidence indicates that sex differences may alter the effectiveness of Cr. Therefore, we systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of Cr + RT on measures of upper- and lower-body strength and muscle mass in older females. A systematic literature search was performed in nine electronic databases. Ten RCTs (N = 211 participants) were included the review. Overall, Cr significantly increased measures of upper-body strength (7 studies, n = 142, p = 0.04), with no effect on lower-body strength or measures of muscle mass. Sub-analyses revealed that both upper-body (4 studies, n = 97, p = 0.05) and lower-body strength (4 studies, n = 100, p = 0.03) were increased by Cr, compared to placebo in studies ≥ 24 weeks in duration. In conclusion, older females supplementing with Cr experience significant gains in muscle strength, especially when RT lasts for at least 24 weeks in duration. However, given the level of evidence, future high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic stay at home order and social isolation on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior in Brazilian adults.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior among Brazilians residents aged ≥18 years. METHODS: An online survey was distributed through a social media platform between May 5 and 17, 2020. Participants completed a structured questionnaire in Google Forms, which assessed the physical activity level and sedentary behavior of adults in Brazil during the pandemic. RESULTS: Age (OR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.97-0.99), chronic disease (OR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.03-1.63), physical inactivity before the coronavirus 2019 pandemic (OR: 2.20; 95%CI: 1.78-2.72) and overweight (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.09-1.65) showed higher risk of impact on physical activity levels. Increased sitting time was associated with older individuals (OR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96-0.98), inactivity (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.16-1.96), chronic disease (OR: 1.65; 95%CI: 1.23-2.22), higher number of days in social isolation (OR: 1.01; 95%CI: 1.00-1.02) and higher schooling levels (OR: 1.87; 95%CI: 1.26-2.78). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that advanced age, chronic disease and physical inactivity before social isolation had a greater risk of impact on reduced physical activity levels and increased sitting time during the coronavirus 2019 disease pandemic.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic stay at home order and social isolation on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior in Brazilian adults / Impacto da permanência em casa e do isolamento social, em função da COVID-19, sobre o nível de atividade física e o comportamento sedentário em adultos brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the impact of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic on physical activity levels and sedentary behavior among Brazilians residents aged ≥18 years. Methods An online survey was distributed through a social media platform between May 5 and 17, 2020. Participants completed a structured questionnaire in Google Forms, which assessed the physical activity level and sedentary behavior of adults in Brazil during the pandemic. Results Age (OR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.97-0.99), chronic disease (OR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.03-1.63), physical inactivity before the coronavirus 2019 pandemic (OR: 2.20; 95%CI: 1.78-2.72) and overweight (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.09-1.65) showed higher risk of impact on physical activity levels. Increased sitting time was associated with older individuals (OR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96-0.98), inactivity (OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.16-1.96), chronic disease (OR: 1.65; 95%CI: 1.23-2.22), higher number of days in social isolation (OR: 1.01; 95%CI: 1.00-1.02) and higher schooling levels (OR: 1.87; 95%CI: 1.26-2.78). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that advanced age, chronic disease and physical inactivity before social isolation had a greater risk of impact on reduced physical activity levels and increased sitting time during the coronavirus 2019 disease pandemic.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o impacto da pandemia de coronavírus 2019 sobre o nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário entre brasileiros com idade ≥18 anos. Métodos Uma pesquisa on-line foi distribuída por meio de mídias sociais entre 5 e 17 de maio de 2020. Os participantes responderam a um questionário estruturado no Google Forms, que avaliou o nível de atividade física e comportamento sedentário de adultos no Brasil durante a pandemia. Resultados Idade (RC: 0,98; IC95%: 0,97-0,99), doença crônica (RC: 1,29; IC95%: 1,03-1,63), inatividade física antes da pandemia de coronavírus 2019 (RC: 2,20; IC95%: 1,78-2,72) e excesso de peso (RC: 1,34; IC95%: 1,09-1,65) apresentaram maior risco de impacto no nível de atividade física. O aumento do tempo sentado foi associado a indivíduos mais velhos (RC: 0,97; IC95%: 0,96-0,98), inatividade (RC: 1,51; IC95%: 1,16-1,96), doença crônica (RC: 1,65; IC95%: 1,23-2,22), maior número de dias no isolamento social (RC: 1,01; IC95%: 1,00-1,02) e níveis de escolaridade mais altos (RC: 1,87; IC95%: 1,26-2,78). Conclusão Nossos resultados demonstraram que a idade, a presença de doenças crônicas e a inatividade física antes do isolamento social tiveram maior risco de impacto na redução do nível de atividade física e maior tempo sentado durante a pandemia de coronavírus 2019.

Aerobic training in obese adolescents: a multidisciplinary approach / Treinamento aeróbio em adolescentes obesos: uma abordagem multidisciplinar / Entrenamiento aeróbico en obesos adolescentes: un enfoque multidisciplinario

ABSTRACT Introduction: The prevalence of excess weight/obesity in adolescence has increased, and physical training may be effective in combating this scenario. Objective: To analyze the effect of different intensities of aerobic training on the body composition of obese adolescents undergoing multidisciplinary intervention. Methods: In this study, 107 pubertal (Tanner 3 and 4), obese (BMI=34.72±4.10 kg/m²) adolescents (14.85±1.44 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: high intensity training (HITG - ventilatory threshold I (VTI)); low intensity training (LITG - 20% below the VTI) and control group (CG), without intervention. The adolescents in the HITG and LITG underwent nutritional and psychological (1x/week) and clinical (1 x/month) follow-up and physical training (3x/week) for 12 weeks. Results: Reductions in fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (BFP) (p< 0.001) and an increase in fat-free mass (FFM) (p<0.001) were observed in all groups. There was a reduction in BMI only in the experimental groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The effects of multidisciplinary treatment on the body composition of obese adolescents occur independently of the intensity of aerobic physical training. Level of Evidence I; High quality randomized clinical studies with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

RESUMO Introdução: A prevalência de sobrepeso / obesidade na adolescência aumentou, e treinamento físico pode ser eficaz para combater este cenário. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de diferentes intensidades de treinamento aeróbio sobre a composição corporal de adolescentes obesos, submetidos à intervenção multidisciplinar. Métodos: Neste estudo, 107 adolescentes (14,85±1,44 anos), púberes (Tanner 3 e 4) e obesos (34,72±4,10 kg/m²) foram aleatoriamente alocados em três grupos: treinamento de alta intensidade (GTAI - limiar ventilatório I (LVI)), treinamento de baixa intensidade (GTBI - 20% abaixo do LVI) e grupo controle (GC), sem intervenção. Os adolescentes do GTAI e GTBI receberam acompanhamento nutricional e psicológico (1x/semana), clínico (1x/mês) e treinamento físico (3x/semana) durante 12 semanas. Resultados: Foram observadas reduções na massa gorda (MG) e no percentual de gordura (%G) em todos os grupos (p<0,001) e um aumento na massa livre de gordura (MLG) (p<0,001). Houve redução no IMC apenas nos grupos experimentais (p<0,001). Conclusão: Os efeitos do tratamento multidisciplinar sobre a composição corporal de adolescentes obesos ocorrem independentes da intensidade do treinamento físico aeróbio. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos clínicos randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

RESUMEN Introducción: La prevalencia de sobrepeso / obesidad en la adolescencia aumentó, y el entrenamiento físico puede ser eficaz para combatir este escenario. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de diferentes intensidades de entrenamiento aeróbico sobre la composición corporal de adolescentes obesos sometidos a la intervención multidisciplinaria. Métodos: En este estudio, 107 adolescentes (14,85 ± 1,44 años), púberes (Tanner 3 y 4), obesos (34,72 ± 4,10 kg / m²) fueron aleatoriamente asignados en tres grupos: entrenamiento de alta intensidad (GEAI - umbral de ventilación I (LVI)); El entrenamiento de baja intensidad (GEBI - 20% por debajo del LVI) y el grupo de control (GC), sin intervención. Los adolescentes del GEAI y GEBI recibieron seguimiento nutricional y psicológico (1x/semana), clínico (1x/mes) y entrenamiento físico (3x/ semana) durante 12 semanas. Resultados: Se observaron reducciones en la masa grasa (MG) y en el porcentaje de grasa (% G) en todos los grupos (p<0,001) y un aumento en la masa libre de grasa (MLG) (p<0,001). Se observó una reducción en el IMC sólo en los grupos experimentales (p<0,001). Conclusión: Los efectos del tratamiento multidisciplinario sobre la composición corporal de adolescentes obesos ocurren independientes de la intensidad del entrenamiento físico aeróbico. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorio de alta calidad, con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con estrechos intervalos de confianza.

Changes in HDL-c concentrations after 16 weeks of combined training in postmenopausal women: characteristics of positive and negative responders.

This study aimed to investigate the individual characteristics of body composition and metabolic profile that could explain interindividual variation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) concentrations in response to 16 weeks of combined strength plus aerobic (combined) training in postmenopausal women. The participants were divided into tertiles based on percentage of changes in HDL-c concentrations after combined training. Only women in the upper tertile (positive responders: Δ > 10.4%; n = 19) and lower tertile (negative responders: Δ < -1.4%; n = 19) were considered for analyses. The total body fat (BF), trunk fat (TF), android fat (AF), gynoid fat, and lean body mass were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The metabolic profile - glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) - were assessed. After 16 weeks, both positive and negative responders presented similar improvement in body composition, such as a decrease in percentage and kilograms of BF, TF, and AF, and increase in lean body mass (p value for time < 0.05). As expected, there was an effect of time and also a significant interaction (time vs. group) (p value < 0.001) in the improvement of HDL-c, with higher values for positive responders. Regarding metabolic profile, there were significant interactions (time vs. group) for triacylglycerol (p value = 0.032) and VLDL (p value = 0.027) concentrations, with lower values for positive responders. Our results suggests there is heterogeneity in combined training-induced HDL-c changes in postmenopausal women, and the positive responders were those who presented more pronounced decreases in triacylglycerol and VLDL concentrations.

Obstetric complications and mother's age at delivery are predictors of eating disorder symptoms among Health Science college students.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between perinatal/neonatal factors and symptoms of eating disorders among college students. METHODS: Four hundred and eight college students (283 women), aged 18 to 23 years old, enrolled in the first semester of a Bachelor of Health Science degree program were included in the sample. Eating disorder symptoms and body image dissatisfaction were assessed with the Eating Attitudes Test and Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh. Information regarding birth weight, breastfeeding, obstetric complications, mother's age at delivery, type of delivery, and birth order were self-reported by the volunteers after consulting their parents. Association between perinatal and neonatal factors and symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were assessed by binary logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index. RESULTS: The likelihood of presenting with symptoms of anorexia nervosa was 0.5 time lower for those students born from the oldest mothers (odds ratio - OR=0.37; 95% confidence interval - 95%CI: 0.17-0.83). Relative to bulimia nervosa, the risk was higher among students who reported obstetric complications (OR=2.62; 95%CI: 1.03-6.67). CONCLUSION: We observed the association between perinatal and neonatal factors with symptoms of eating disorders in college students.

Obstetric complications and mother’s age at delivery are predictors of eating disorder symptoms among Health Science college students / Complicações obstétricas e idade materna no parto são preditores de sintomas de transtornos alimentares em estudantes universitários da área da Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the association between perinatal/neonatal factors and symptoms of eating disorders among college students. Methods Four hundred and eight college students (283 women), aged 18 to 23 years old, enrolled in the first semester of a Bachelor of Health Science degree program were included in the sample. Eating disorder symptoms and body image dissatisfaction were assessed with the Eating Attitudes Test and Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh. Information regarding birth weight, breastfeeding, obstetric complications, mother’s age at delivery, type of delivery, and birth order were self-reported by the volunteers after consulting their parents. Association between perinatal and neonatal factors and symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were assessed by binary logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index. Results The likelihood of presenting with symptoms of anorexia nervosa was 0.5 time lower for those students born from the oldest mothers (odds ratio – OR=0.37; 95% confidence interval – 95%CI: 0.17-0.83). Relative to bulimia nervosa, the risk was higher among students who reported obstetric complications (OR=2.62; 95%CI: 1.03-6.67). Conclusion We observed the association between perinatal and neonatal factors with symptoms of eating disorders in college students.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a associação entre fatores perinatais/neonatais e sintomas de transtornos alimentares entre estudantes universitários. Métodos Quatrocentos e oito estudantes universitários (283 mulheres), com idade entre 18 e 23 anos, matriculados no primeiro semestre de cursos de Bacharelado na área das Ciências da Saúde foram incluídos na amostra. Sintomas de transtornos alimentares e de insatisfação com a imagem corporal foram avaliados por meio do Eating Attitudes Test e do Bulimic Investigatoty Test of Edinburgh. Informações sobre o peso ao nascer, aleitamento materno, complicações obstétricas, idade materna no momento do parto, tipo de parto e ordem de nascimento foram relatadas pelos voluntários após consulta com seus pais. A associação entre fatores perinatais/neonatais e sintomas de anorexia nervosa e bulimia nervosa foi avaliada por meio de regressão logística binária ajustada por sexo, idade e índice de massa corporal. Resultados A probabilidade de apresentar sintomas de anorexia nervosa foi 0,5 vez mais baixa para os alunos nascidos de mães mais velhas (odds ratio – OR=0,37; intervalo de confiança de 95% – IC 95%=0,17-0,83). Em relação à bulimia nervosa, o risco foi maior entre os estudantes que relataram complicações obstétricas (OR=2,62; IC 95%=1,03-6,67). Conclusão Observou-se associação entre fatores perinatais e neonatais com sintomas de transtornos alimentares em estudantes universitários.

Multidisciplinary intervention in obese adolescents: predictors of dropout.

OBJECTIVE: To identify biological and psychosocial factors associated with dropout in a multidisciplinary behavioral intervention in obese adolescents. METHODS: A total of 183 adolescents (15.4±1.6 years), pubertal (Tanner stage 3 or 4) and obese (34.7±4.0kg/m2), were enrolled in a 12-week behavioral intervention, which included clinical consultations (monthly), nutritional and psychological counseling (once a week), and supervised aerobic training (three times/week). The studied variables were weight, height, body mass index, body composition (skinfold), cardiorespiratory fitness (direct gas analysis), blood lipids and self-reported symptoms of eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia and binge eating), anxiety, depression, body image dissatisfaction and quality of life. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression and independent t-tests. RESULTS: Of the adolescents, 73.7% adhered to the program. The greatest chance for dropout was observed among adolescents older than 15 years (odds ratio of 0.40; 95%CI: 0.15-0.98), with more anorexia symptoms (odds ratio of 0.35; 95%CI: 0.14-0.86) and hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio of 0.40; 95%CI: 0.16-0.91) at baseline. CONCLUSION: Older adolescents, with more symptoms of eating disorders and total cholesterol have less chance to adhere to multidisciplinary treatments.

Multidisciplinary intervention in obese adolescents: predictors of dropout / Intervenção multidisciplinar em adolescentes obesos: preditores de desistência

Objective To identify biological and psychosocial factors associated with dropout in a multidisciplinary behavioral intervention in obese adolescents.Methods A total of 183 adolescents (15.4±1.6 years), pubertal (Tanner stage 3 or 4) and obese (34.7±4.0kg/m2), were enrolled in a 12-week behavioral intervention, which included clinical consultations (monthly), nutritional and psychological counseling (once a week), and supervised aerobic training (three times/week). The studied variables were weight, height, body mass index, body composition (skinfold), cardiorespiratory fitness (direct gas analysis), blood lipids and self-reported symptoms of eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia and binge eating), anxiety, depression, body image dissatisfaction and quality of life. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression and independent t-tests.Results Of the adolescents, 73.7% adhered to the program. The greatest chance for dropout was observed among adolescents older than 15 years (odds ratio of 0.40; 95%CI: 0.15-0.98), with more anorexia symptoms (odds ratio of 0.35; 95%CI: 0.14-0.86) and hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio of 0.40; 95%CI: 0.16-0.91) at baseline.Conclusion Older adolescents, with more symptoms of eating disorders and total cholesterol have less chance to adhere to multidisciplinary treatments.

Objetivo Identificar os fatores biológicos e psicossociais associados à desistência de uma intervenção multidisciplinar comportamental em adolescentes obesos.Métodos Foram selecionados para participar das 12 semanas de intervenção 183 adolescentes (15,4±1,6 anos), púberes (Tanner 3 ou 4) e obesos (34,7±4,0 kg/m2). A intervenção incluiu consultas clínicas (mensal), aconselhamento nutricional e psicológico (uma vez/semana), e treinamento aeróbio supervisionado (três vezes/semana). As variáveis estudadas foram peso, altura, índice de massa corporal, composição corporal (dobras cutâneas), aptidão cardiorrespiratória (análise direta de gases), perfil lipídico e sintomas autorrelatados de transtornos alimentares (bulimia, anorexia e compulsão alimentar), ansiedade, depressão, insatisfação com a imagem corporal e qualidade de vida. A análise estatística incluiu regressão logística binária e teste tde Student independente.Resultados Aderiram ao programa 73,7% dos adolescentes. A maior chance de desistência foi observada entre aqueles com mais de 15 anos (odds ratiode 0,40; IC95%: 0,15-0,98), com mais sintomas de anorexia (odds ratio de 0,35; IC95%: 0,14-0,86) e com hipercolesterolemia (odds ratio de 0,40; IC95%: 0,16-0,91) no início do estudo.Conclusão Adolescentes mais velhos, com mais sintomas de transtornos alimentares e de níveis de colesterol total, têm menor chance de aderir a tratamentos multidisciplinares.

Efeitos de diferentes intensidades de exercício sobre a concentração sérica de interleucinas / Effects of different exercise intensities on serum interleukins levels

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos agudos e de curta duração de duas intensidades de exercício aeróbio sobre a concentração circulante de IL-6 e IL-10. Quinze homens jovens fisicamente ativos (21,0 ± 1,9 anos) foram submetidos a duas sessões de exercício ("crossover"): alta intensidade de exercício (AIE)- (80% VO2pico), e baixa intensidade de exercício (BIE)- (40% VO2pico), com intervalo de sete dias ("Wash out"). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos com EDTA, antes do exercício (basal), imediatamente após o exercício (agudo) e após 2 h de recuperação passiva. As concentrações séricas de IL-6 e IL-10 foram determinadas com a utilização de kits comerciais de ELISA. Os resultados demonstraram elevação aguda da IL- 6, em resposta ao AIE em relação ao BIE (p < 0,05), enquanto que a IL-10 apresentou maior redução sistêmica aguda para BIE em comparação a AIE (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença na variação das citocinas após 2 h do término do exercício. Conclui-se que ambas as sessões agudas de exercício são capazes de modular a concentração circulante destas citocinas, e que a magnitude das alterações são dependentes da intensidade do esforço

The aim of this study was to analyze the acute and short-term effects of high and low exercise intensities on IL-6 and IL-10. Fifteen young healthy physically active males (21.0 ± 1.9 yrs) were submitted to 2 experimental trials (cross-over) with a 7-dais wash-out: high exercise intensity (80% VO2peak) and low exercise intensity (40% VO2peak) session. Blood samples were collected before exercise (baseline), immediately after exercise (acute), and two hours after the end of the exercise session (2 h). IL-6 and IL-10 circulating levels were determinate by ELISA. The results demonstrated an acute increase in IL-6 levels after high intensity compared to low intensity exercise (p < 0.05), however, IL-10 presented an acute decrease in response to low intensity exercise (p < 0.05). No effects were observed after 2 h of recovery from the session. Thus we conclude that acute exercise sessions are able to modulate the circulating levels of the studies cytokines, and the magnitudes of these changes are dependent of the exercise intensity

Relation between leukocyte count, adiposity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in pubertal adolescents / Relação entre contagem de leucócitos, adiposidade e aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes púberes

Objective To compare the total and differential leukocyte count in obese and normal-weight adolescents, and to verify their possible relations with cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity indicators. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted with 139 adolescents (107 obese and 32 normal weight) aged between 13 and 18 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by direct gas analysis during an incremental treadmill test. Total leukocytes and subsets were estimated by flow cytometry. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The t-test for independent samples was used for comparison between groups. The relation between leukocytes, cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity indicators was verified by Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression (adjusted for age and body mass index) tests. Results Obese adolescents had higher leukocyte (8.12±2.36u/L x 103; p=0.001), neutrophil (4.33±1.86u/L x 103; p=0.002), and monocyte (0.70±0.22u/L x 103; p=0.002) counts compared to the levels of normal weight subjects. After the necessary adjustments, cardiorespiratory fitness had a negative association with leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in boys. Conclusion Obese adolescents had higher total and differential leucocyte count when compared to normal weight individuals. We also observed a weak positive association between adiposity and total leukocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil counts, and in boys, a negative association between cardiorespiratory fitness and total count of leukocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. .

Objetivo Comparar a contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos de adolescentes obesos e eutróficos, e verificar suas possíveis relações com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores de adiposidade. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 139 adolescentes (107 obesos e 32 eutróficos), com idades entre 13 e 18 anos. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi determinada por análise direta de gases durante um teste incremental em esteira rolante. As contagens de leucócitos totais e subconjuntos foram estimadas por citometria de fluxo. A composição corporal foi avaliada pelo método de dupla energia de raios X. O teste t para amostras independentes foi utilizado para comparação entre os grupos. A relação entre leucócitos, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e indicadores de adiposidade foi verificada por meio dos testes de correlação de Pearson e regressão linear múltipla (ajustado para idade e índice de massa corporal). Resultados Os adolescentes obesos apresentaram leucócitos (8,12±2,36u/L x 103; p=0,001), neutrófilos (4,33±1,86u/L x 103; p=0,002) e monócitos (0,70±0,22u/L x 103; p=0,002) mais elevados em comparação com os níveis dos eutróficos. Após os ajustes necessários, a aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi negativamente associada com leucócitos, neutrófilos e monócitos em meninos. Conclusão Adolescentes obesos apresentaram maior contagem de leucócitos totais e subpopulações, quando comparados aos eutróficos. Observou-se também uma fraca relação positiva entre adiposidade e leucócitos totais, monócitos ...

Relation between leukocyte count, adiposity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in pubertal adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the total and differential leukocyte count in obese and normal-weight adolescents, and to verify their possible relations with cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity indicators. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted with 139 adolescents (107 obese and 32 normal weight) aged between 13 and 18 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by direct gas analysis during an incremental treadmill test. Total leukocytes and subsets were estimated by flow cytometry. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The t-test for independent samples was used for comparison between groups. The relation between leukocytes, cardiorespiratory fitness and adiposity indicators was verified by Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression (adjusted for age and body mass index) tests. RESULTS: Obese adolescents had higher leukocyte (8.12±2.36u/L x 103; p=0.001), neutrophil (4.33±1.86u/L x 103; p=0.002), and monocyte (0.70±0.22u/L x 103; p=0.002) counts compared to the levels of normal weight subjects. After the necessary adjustments, cardiorespiratory fitness had a negative association with leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in boys. CONCLUSION: Obese adolescents had higher total and differential leucocyte count when compared to normal weight individuals. We also observed a weak positive association between adiposity and total leukocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil counts, and in boys, a negative association between cardiorespiratory fitness and total count of leukocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils.

Efeito agudo da suplementação de cafeína sobre o desempenho físico durante teste incremental de esforço / Acute effect of caffeine suplementation on physical performance during an incremental effort test

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da ingestão de cafeína (CAF) sobre a velocidade de corrida (VC) referente à intensidade do primeiro limiar ventilatório (LV1) e velocidade máxima de corrida (Vmáx). Para tanto, oito mulheres saudáveis, ativas fisicamente, realizaram dois testes incrementais máximos (TImáx) em esteira ergométrica em duas condições diferentes, sob ingestão de CAF e placebo (PLA). Para contrastar os dados, utilizou-se o teste t de Student pareado. Houve diferença significativa (P ≤0,05) na VC (PLA 7,87 ± 1,72 km/h, CAF 8,50 ± 1,69 km/h), na frequência cardíaca (PLA 152,37 ± 21,41 bpm, CAF 167,00 ± 14,71 bpm) e na VE (PLA 31,40 ± 8,53 L/min, CAF 34,46 ± 9,52 L/min), na intensidade referente ao LV1. Diferentemente, na Vmáx não foram observadas diferenças significativas na VC, FC e vetilação (VE) em ambas as condições. É possível concluir que a VC, FC e VE foram modificadas com a suplementação de CAF na intensidade do LV1, mas não na Vmáx.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of caffeine (CAF) ingestion on running speed (RS) on the intensity of the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) and maximum running speed (Vmax). Therefore, eight healthy women, physically active performed two maximal incremental tests (TImax) on the treadmill at two different conditions under CAF intake and placebo (PLA). To contrast the data, we used the paired Student t test. There were statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in RS (PLA 7.87 ± 1.72 km / h, 8.50 ± 1.69 CAF km / h), heart rate (PLA 152.37 ± 21.41 bpm, CAF 167.00 ± 14.71 bpm) and LV (PLA 31.40 ± 8.53 L / min, CAF 34.46 ± 9.52 L / min), the intensity for the VT1. In contrast, the Vmax were not significant differences in VC, HR and ventilation (VE) in both conditions. It is possible to conclude that the VC, VE and HR were modified with the supplementation of CAF in the intensity of VT1, but not in the Vmax.

Heart rate variability and its relationship with central and general obesity in obese normotensive adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the heart rate variability parameters and the indicators of central and general obesity in obese normotensive adolescents. METHODS: Seventyfour 13 to 18 year-old obese normotensive adolescents participated in this study. The indicators analyzed for central and general obesity were waist circumference and body mass index, respectively. Heart rate variability was obtained by heart rate monitoring. For this, the adolescents remained in a supine position for 7 minutes with controlled breathing. Parameters were obtained in time domain (standard deviation of all the RR intervals, root mean square of successive differences between the normal adjacent RR intervals and the percentage of adjacent intervals with more than 50ms) and frequency domain variables (low and high frequency bands and the sympathovagal balance). RESULTS: After adjustments for gender, age, and cardiorespiratory fitness, a negative correlation between the waist circumference and the root mean square of successive differences between the normal adjacent RR intervals (ß=-1.51; standard error=0.56; p<0.05) and the percentage of adjacent intervals with more than 50 ms (ß=-0.96; standard error=0.34; p<0.05) were observed, while the body mass index showed no significant correlation with any heart rate variability parameter (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Central obesity is a better discriminator than general obesity of autonomic cardiac dysfunction in obese normotensive adolescents.

Efeitos de diferentes intensidades de treinamento aeróbio sobre a composição corporal em adolescentes obesos / Effects of different intensities of aerobic training on body composition in obese adolescents

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de treinamento físico aeróbio sobre a composição corporal de adolescentes obesos submetidos à intervenção multidisciplinar. O estudo caracterizou-se como ensaio clínico aleatorizado. Quarenta e dois adolescentes (13 a 17 anos) obesos (IMC = 34,48±3,88 kg/m²) púberes (estágio 3 e 4) participaram de 12 semanas de intervenção multidisciplinar. Os adolescentes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: treinamento de alta intensidade (TAI) (n=20) - intensidade correspondente ao limiar ventilatório I (LVI); e treinamento de baixa intensidade (TBI) (n=22) - 20% abaixo do LVI. As sessões de exercício foram isocalóricas (350 kcal). Todos os voluntários receberam acompanhamento clínico, nutricional e psicológico. A massa corporal (kg), estatura (cm) e dobras cutâneas (mm) foram mensuradas. O percentual de gordura foi estimado por meio da equação de Slaughter, em seguida, a massa magra e massa gorda foram estimadas. Após 12 semanas de intervenção foram verificadas reduções na massa corporal, IMC e adiposidade em ambos os grupos (p<0,001), bem como elevação da massa magra dos adolescentes (p<0,001). No presente estudo, a intervenção multidisciplinar se mostrou efetiva na modulação da composição corporal e da adiposidade dos adolescentes obesos. Entretanto, tais resultados parecem ser independentes da intensidade de treinamento aeróbio a qual os grupos foram submetidos.

This randomized clinical trial aimed to verify the effects of different aerobic training intensities on body composition in obese adolescents submitted to a 12-week multidisciplinary intervention. Participants were 42 obese and pubscent adolescents (BMI = 34.48 ± 3.88 kg/m2; aged 13-17 years). The adolescents were randomized into two experimental groups: high intensity training (HIT) (n=20) - corresponding to the ventilatory threshold I (LVI); and low intensity training (LIT) (n=22) - 20% below LVI. Exercise sessions were isocaloric (350 kcal). All participants received nutritional, psychological and clinical follow-up. Body mass (kg), height (cm) and skinfold thickness (mm) were measured. Body fat (%) was estimated using the Slaughter equation, followed by the calculation of lean mass and fat mass. After the 12-week intervention, we observed a decrease in body weight, BMI and body fat in both groups (p<0.001), as well as an increase in lean body mass of the adolescents (p <0.001). In this study, the multidisciplinary intervention was effective to modulate body composition and adiposity among obese adolescents. However, the results seem to be independent of aerobic training intensities.

Associação entre estado nutricional e aptidão física relacionada à saúde em crianças / Association between nutritional status and health-related physical fitness in children

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a associação entre estado nutricional e os componentes da aptidão física relacionada à saúde em estudantes do ensino fundamental II. Participaram da pesquisa 417 estudantes de ambos os gêneros com idade entre 10 e 13 anos. A classificação do estado nutricional foi feita através do percentil do IMC. A aptidão física relacionada à saúde foi estimada por meio do FITNESSGRAM. Análise de variância com post-hoc de Tukey foi conduzida para comparações entre o estado nutricional e os componentes da aptidão física. Meninos e meninas com sobrepeso apresentaram menor aptidão cardiorrespiratória e maior adiposidade corporal que seus pares com peso normal e com baixo peso (p<0,05). Adicionalmente, nos meninos, o sobrepeso foi associado negativamente com todos os componentes da aptidão física (p>0,05), exceto com a flexibilidade. Conclui-se que o sobrepeso afeta negativamente a aptidão física relacionada à saúde de crianças, entretanto os efeitos são mais pronunciados nos meninos.

The present study aimed to examine the association between nutritional status and components of health-related physical fitness in elementary school students. This study was conducted with 417 students from both genders, aged 10 to 13 years. The classification of nutritional status was done using BMI percentile. Health-related physical fitness was estimated using FITNESSGRAM. Analysis of variance with Tukey as post-hoc was conducted to compare nutritional status and physical fitness components. Overweight boys and girls showed lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher fat mass than normal and underweight children (P<0.05). In addition, in boys, overweight was negatively associated with all components of health-related physical fitness (p<0.05), except with flexibility. Overweight negatively affects the components of health-related physical fitness in children; however, the effects are more pronounced among boys.